Defining Marketing Paper - 1008 Words

Marketing Paper Marketing an important part of the business organization, it is more than promoting and selling a product. Marketing is satisfying the changing needs of the customer. The very successful businessman Bill Gates can best sum this up when he said, Your most unhappy customers are your greatest source of learning . The purpose of this paper is to define marketing from at least two different sources, based on these definitions explain the importance of marketing in organizational success. Also, provide at least three examples from the business world of the importance of marketing to the organizational success. According too the American Marketing Association marketing is defined as: An organizational function and a set of†¦show more content†¦As one can see, the modern day definitions of marketing encompass more than promoting and selling a product. They could be compared with the four Ps (product, place, promotion and price), which are normally used to describe the process of marketing. However, the concepts of marketing, production, product, selling, and society marketing give another view into the difficult and never ending process of marketing. Modern marketing includes increased social responsibility and environmental awareness, which may include tackling the problems of pollution and the exposure of non-renewable resources. Modern day businesses are under pressure to adopt this marketing approach, in order to become more socially responsible. This approach not only focuses on fulfilling the customers want-satisfaction, but also satisfying society. An example of the integration of information technology into the market place is that more and more, new technology appears to be focusing on the addition of value. On an individual level, for example, the marketer may use the technology to make himself more accessible to the consumer thus adding to his service levels. A company may realize added value by investing in expensive multimedia kiosks, which introduce the subject of interactive marketing. AnotherShow MoreRelatedDefining Marketing Paper1010 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: DEFINING MARKETING PAPER Defining Marketing Paper Bonnie Garcia University of Phoenix Marketing is an important part of the business organization; it is more than just promoting and selling a product. Marketing is gratifying the changing needs of the customer. This can be best summed up by the very successful businessman Bill Gates when he quoted, Your most unhappy customers are your greatest source of learning . The purpose of this paper is to defineRead MoreDefining Marketing Paper837 Words   |  4 PagesMarketing Marketing is in a part of everyone’s daily lives. 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Photography Art Medium For The Imagination - 887 Words

When photography first began, it was recognized as a medium in which one could capture and preserve a moment in time. Photography was seen as the revolutionary way to document reality; events, places, and people. Soon, though, artists got their hands on cameras and shifted the way in which photographs were interpreted. No longer was photography only a tool to create images of the embodied world, but it became an art medium for the imagination, just the same as paint and pastels. The once honest and trustworthy photograph became a piece of artwork that could capture more than what the human eye deemed authentic. In the late 19th and early 20th century, many photographers began to challenge the common belief that photographs were created to document the world. They introduced artistic approaches to taking photographs, ones influenced by artistic movements such as cubism and surrealism. Instead of only clicking the shutter on what already existed in sight, photographers began to interve ne and manipulate the rawness of the images, forming pieces of the world into something of artistic expression, just as a potter molds clay into a figure of art. Photographs had always been thought out and planned, but now the decision-making that once occurred in the subconscious minds of photographers was intentional and premeditated. Pictorialism can be defined as an aesthetic movement in which the photographer somehow constructs a photograph or alters what would usually be taken straightShow MoreRelatedArt As A Common Subject Of Visual Art1631 Words   |  7 PagesHuman form for many years has been discussed and always been a common subject of visual art. The earliest known representations of the human body come from Europe and date to between 25,000 and 12,000 years ago. 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A Proposal for the Kellogg’s Company

Question: Write a proposal on the prospects of introducing a new healthy on the go cereal product to the market. Answer: Introduction In this article, a proposal will be given for the Kelloggs company. Kelloggs is a well-known brand in cereal category. It is situated in Michigan, United States. It is currently running for 110 years. It has various cereal and convenience food products. It includes crackers, cereal bars, toaster pastries, fruit flavored and vegetarian foods. The brand has several iconic products like Corn Flakes, Froot Loops, Honey Loops, Tarts, Nutri-Grain and Choco Flakes. They market their products in various ways. It has made a name for itself. The design of the logo was made in such a way that it could make the customers aware of the product. The logo makes sure that the logo can attract the customers directly. It font they use is quite different from others. Kelloggs markets their products as a premier food supplement for kids and adults. Kelloggs has high fructose content in their products. They are the first brand who introduced prizes and gifts in their cereal box (Aronczyk 2013). Figure 1: Kelloggs cereal products The emergence of cereal market was not long enough. As an employee of Kelloggs there is a duty to improvise the product on a regular basis. The product should have the proper quality. The breakfast has emerged as a family breakfast for the working people. Consumer awareness plays a key role in shaping the industry. Vitamin fortified, low fat, low calorie and healthy protein content are some of the advantages present in the cereal meals. Kelloggs also contains dehydrated dry fruits rich in food value.Kelloggs hold a market share of 40 percent in US market for the breakfast food industry. They have grown their market capital to $4.35 billion. The average household purchases at least four packets of breakfast cereals for the family (Begum 2015). US consume more than 20 billion bowls of Kelloggs cereal annually. Kelloggs operates in a fast growing industry of cereals. In smaller segment like hot cereals, it has garnered sales of $600 million. It has increased up to 20 percents over last few years. The branding is a smart way to build new products. Social media platforms and various promotional channels can make a product stronger. Cereal Company like Kelloggs is a multi cereal brand and it has its loyal customers worldwide (Stanciu 2013). The new product of them should be special enough to give stiff competition to the existing products of them and the other products of different cereal companies. Interactive web tools like video, applications, games and photos also help to engage customers to a new product. It can increase the loyalty of the consumers for a certain brand. Therefore, branding is immensely important for any new product to enter.Figure 3: US Cereal market share Literature Review Social Networking-An Influencer of Brand Promotion has been taken as the literature for review. The article has talked about the brand promotion and their influence up on any brand. The article has also opened up about several social networking sites and their impact on the business. The discussion focuses on the branding and marketing strategy of Kelloggs on cereal market. Creativity is a popular keyword in todays business planning and economic geography. Creative economy is a concept that consists of socio-economic activities trading with the knowledge, information and creativity. The governing body around the entire world is raising the concentration upon the generation of jobs, cultural and wealth in the economy. The unifying fact that makes the creativity aspect translating to the economic value, the intellectual property resource is the key concept. Studies say that UK is the biggest hub, which is full of the resources. There are several barriers for developing innovation to fi nd a solution to the problem. The imperative of the study is focused mainly due to the human dimension and in particular the support of the leaders. The study has described the necessities to change and improve working methods. The measures of all constructs are the result of the perception of the surveyed report. It is recommended that to reach a larger number of people the operation would need to explore into different sectors (Kapferer 2012). The market mechanism has to protect innovation and creative contents in the economy. The economic creativity is included managing multiple words by coping with limited income, limited social safety. Effective policy guidance and developing capacity building equipments are required to support convert local talent into crucial mechanism for creative industry and able to augment the sustainable employment; growth of the economy. It plays a crucial role in forming the development strategies, as growth in this industry is resulting into reduction in unemployment rate. The products of the creative industry require new ideas; creation; production and distribution. The micro or small industries are noticeable at the top of the supply chain, i.e. at the stage of creation (Kapferer 2012). Innovation is an important process for the development of an organization. The companies invest in innovation and creativity. Due to emergence of the knowledge economy, frequent innovation has become priority of the creative industries. According to this paper, the creativity is of three types, individual creativity; group creativity and organizational creativity. However, it faced tough competition from local and international brand but these small and medium enterprises led the market through creativity in their innovation. However, the author has also claimed that it is not possible to win the market only through innovation; rather it also requires appropriate culture; leadership style; communication etc. At present, the world is moving from a production based economy to a knowledge based economy that is fueled by the ideas and innovation. This concept of knowledge economy gave rise to the concept of creative economy (Che 2014). There are varieties of ways in which creative industries are defined. There are numbers of countries like Britain; Australia; Scotland, which have implemented policies to promote their products. At present, the world is moving from a production based economy to a knowledge based economy that is fueled by the ideas and innovation. Some authors argued about the developed countries transited in to a knowledge economy. Specialists have agreed that the social networks are vital to the innovation process of any company. The regional networks are easily built by the brand than the large companies. Researcher has given an insight to this topic. They understood the role of this industry as a real source of employment and as a source of generating new creative ideas. Naylor stated that strong performers like Hong Kong and Taiwan significantly depended on the small enterprises (Aronczyk 2013). Converting innovative ideas into productive output requires huge technological resources and professional guidance, which are capital intensive. However, knowledge and innovation were needed to achieve future growth. Sustainable growth can be achieved by exploiting the environmental goals. The policies were undertaken in order to foster the competitiveness in the cereal industry. To develop this industry, training and infrastructures improved; investment increased in this sector. Strength: From the above analysis, it can be stated that positive approach of creativity can influence the economic development of the whole nation. The creative economy depends on creative approach of people of elite educational background. The approach of the study can influence the overall development of countries economy. Apart from making growth, it can also add to the total gross domestic product of a country. The impact of creativity can influence positive approach on youths. The successful individuals can attract them. Therefore, it can add to the future benefit of the country (Flick 2015). Weakness: However, managers often find it difficult to fulfill every ongoing requirement of the consumers. Traditional approaches to launch products have often been outdated within a modern sector of the competitive industry. Over dependence on creativity can harm the entire GDP of a country. A balanced approach of creativity and launching of new product is helpful for business development and economic built up (Wright and Davis 2014). Hypothesis: H0: Creativity and product development do not have any relations between them H1: Creativity and product development have relations between them Conclusion In short, from the above discussion it can be said that cereal food companies have significant role in the development of creative economy. The paper has reviewed several articles in order to reflect the idea of product development. It has been found that the innovation is the key tool for developing a new product. However, in has reviewed the performance of Small and Medium staple food companies over various countries. It has also developed ideas on the way in which the enterprises can affect the creativity of the market. It has been found that Kelloggs has significant role in developing the brand image. Research questions What are the focus areas for growing a new product? What effect can be made by a new product in the existing market? How much a new product can be connected to the mass? What is the knowledge required for developing a new item? How creativity and product development is related? What are various approaches can be used for introducing a new product? How a brand is created? How much it takes to adapt to the existing market for a new product. Objectives To study the efficiency of an organization To analyze the importance of social media for launching a new product To investigate the effectiveness of marketing and branding To analyze the importance of brand promotions To scale the target audience for a particular product To predict the viability of the market Research Methodology The selected research methodology and methods: The approach will be used through the qualitative method, along with quantitative method to analyze the problem. A systematic analysis is needed to clarify the content that is appropriate for the research along with an easy access. The analysis will be done to achieve the desired target and results. The qualitative method shall be utilized to identify the characteristics of the research. The methods will also discuss the nature and quality of variables, causes and trends. It will assist to address the problem or a particular phenomenon to illustrate data. The aim of the research will be to describe, analyze and evaluate the characteristics and dimensions of the phenomenon in a certain framework (Flick 2015). Data collection is needed to critically analyze the causes and factors those control the problem. Qualitative analysis always focuses on giving quality output. The main idea behind the research was to justify the answers by quality analysis. On the other hand, quantitative method is incorporated through primary data and secondary data analysis. These data were first filtered and then the best data are selected for analysis. Statistical packages are used for giving the result more dimension and truth. Formulas are used so that one can justify the results. The factorial analys is would help to draw a generalized conclusion. The research methodology in the proposed research will be based on searching available literature. It will include quantitative data and qualitative methods to conduct the required analysis of the subject. The recommendation to the status quo would be done accordingly (Wright and Davis 2014). Survey method: The survey is a method or technique to collect data and information on the subject issue. It can be taken by asking questions on a range of individuals or by a particular structure. It will look to the needed change and clarify the situation for initiating results. The recommendations would contribute to resolve the phenomenon (Sharma 2013). Interviews Questions concerning the problem related to be gathered through personal interviews, e-mails, phone calls and customer focus groups. The design of the questionnaire form will follow several following steps (Taylor 2015). The Formulated questions shall be clear, crisp and short Questions shall be related to the targeted subject. The interviewer would need to ask the questions sequentially. Questions should reveal the sincerity of the answer. The questionnaire form should be verified by supervisors Questions should be free flowing. Testing part and sample part adjustments should be done if needed. The collected data that shall be displayed analyzed and interpreted by the obtained results. In case some of the forms were not filled or did not meet the research objectives should not be taken into consideration. The research shall include main objectives, statement of the relative importance, and descriptive statement about the vocabulary. Vocabulary will be subject to the conducted research. They together with the nature of the data that is collected will be needed. The style used in the assembly, the time to complete the survey shall be as per the purposed timetable (Pratt and Hutton 2013). The detailed results need to include the initiatives and recommendations. These recommendations should base on key findings. The research shall apply the qualitative method to investigate the present situation. The research should always explore creative industries to generalize the findings. These findings need to find the potential growth, strength, development strategy and generate ideas for improving the quality of the result. The qualitative methodology shall be applied to illustrate the statistical contents. It will help to generate the findings. It would help to contribute in building the qualitative analysis over the assembled quantitative data (Ng Lingard and Kennedy 2013). The research was done through one on one interview method. Equal importance was given to each questions and time limit was mentioned. The interviewer gave ample opportunities to the people to speak about what they think (Appleton 2015). Limitation of the research The research could face some obstacles in collecting the required data. It is because some terminologies could be unknown. It should be translated to match the official authoritys language. Moreover, lack of official statistics related to the economic sectors in the state. Nevertheless, due to some diligence to represent a transparent understanding of the phenomenon it will be stated. The outcome will be reflected in the proposed research. Analysis From the given literature, some analysis can be taken. The analysis can be a window for others to marketers to only to present products but to the customers also. The benefits from the above literature are, It can be a cost effective method to campaign through twitter and facebook. By doing so, the brand can cater to a larger audience. The world is now a global market place. Social media has been a platform where the brand can put their newly launched product to display to everyone. The involvement of media can regulate the segmentation clearly. The brand can take their newly launched product to the people they want to target. Various media types and communication systems should make a community. Making a community can give the brand a stronghold and they justify their product to others The sizable amount and volume of social circle and media nowadays has given an upright helping hand to the brands The brand should update their products and they should always make their customers feel that they are continuously with them. Togetherness often helps to bridge the gap. Conclusion The study of the subject has given a perfect insight on how to launch a new cereal to the market. The product should try to influence the customer in such a way that the customer can understand what the product is telling. The features and specialties should be there. The customers try to find the nutrition level in the cereal so, the new product should be specific about the nutritional contents in it. Effective policy guidance and developing capacity building equipments are required to support convert local talent into crucial mechanism for creative industry and able to augment the sustainable employment; growth of the economy. It plays a crucial role in forming the development strategies, as growth in this industry is resulting into reduction in unemployment rate. The products of the creative industry require new ideas; creation; production and distribution. The distribution channel needs to be smart enough to enter any possible market place to sell the product. Product ornamentati on should be specific and detailed. In this way, the new product can be categorized. References Appleton, K.M., 2015. Greater fruit selection following an appearance-based compared with a health-based health promotion poster.Journal of Public Health, p.fdv147. Aronczyk, M., 2013.Branding the nation: The global business of national identity. Oxford University Press. Begum, V., 2015. Effects of Kellogg's Nutritional Label on Consumer Buying Behaviour in Dubai, UAE.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,211, pp.1195-1202. Billig, S.H. and Waterman, A.S. eds., 2014.Studying service-learning: Innovations in education research methodology. Routledge. Brennan, I., 2015. Brand Placement in Novels and Competitor Recall: The Robustness of the Part-List Cueing Effect.Academy of Marketing Studies Journal,19(3), p.63. Chabowski, B.R., Samiee, S. and Hult, G.T.M., 2013. A bibliometric analysis of the global branding literature and a research agenda.Journal of International Business Studies,44(6), pp.622-634. Che, D., 2014. What happened to Tony the Tiger?: The rise and fall of Kellogg's Cereal City USA.CAUTHE 2014: Tourism and Hospitality in the Contemporary World: Trends, Changes and Complexity, p.780. Empen, J., Loy, J.P. and Weiss, C., 2015. Price promotions and brand loyalty: Empirical evidence for the German ready-to-eat cereal market.European Journal of Marketing,49(5/6), pp.736-759. Flick, U., 2015.Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Gast, D.L. and Ledford, J.R., 2014.Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and behavioral sciences. Routledge. Heckler, S.E., Keller, K.L., Houston, M.J. and Avery, J., 2014. Building brand knowledge structures: Elaboration and interference effects on the processing of sequentially advertised brand benefit claims.Journal of Marketing Communications,20(3), pp.176-196. Kapferer, J.N., 2012.The new strategic brand management: Advanced insights and strategic thinking. Kogan page publishers. Klimentov, S.B., 2015. Another version of Kelloggs theorem.Complex Variables and Elliptic Equations,60(12), pp.1647-1657. Koga, C.C., Lee, S.Y. and Lee, Y., 2016. Consumer Acceptance of Bars and Gummies with Unencapsulated and Encapsulated Resveratrol.Journal of Food Science,81(5), pp.S1222-S1229. Leverenz, J.W., 2012. Corn Flakes Aren't Just for Kellogg's: A Look at Corn Stover and Its Effect on Leasing in the Landlord-Tenant Farmer Relationship.Drake J. Agric. L.,17, p.511. Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015.Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Panneerselvam, R., 2014.Research methodology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Pettifor, A., MacPhail, C., Anderson, A.D. and Maman, S., 2012. If I buy the Kellogg's then he should [buy] the milk: young women's perspectives on relationship dynamics, gender power and HIV risk in Johannesburg, South Africa.Culture, health sexuality,14(5), pp.477-490. Picard, R.G. ed., 2014.Media product portfolios: Issues in management of multiple products and services. Routledge. Stanciu, C., 2013. An Indian woman of many hats: Laura Cornelius Kellogg's embattled search for an indigenous voice.Studies in American Indian Literatures,25(2), pp.87-115. Supriya, N., Vasudha, T.J. and Yadav, P.J., 2014. Social Networking-An Influencer of Brand Promotion.International Journal of Innovative Research and Development,3(12). Tam, K.H., Liu, T., Song, S., Huang, R. and Li, Q., 2013. Group G. Theng So, J., Grant Parsons, A. and Yap, S.F., 2013. Corporate branding, emotional attachment and brand loyalty: the case of luxury fashion branding.Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal,17(4), pp.403-423. Vinoy, S., Normand, S., Meynier, A., Sothier, M., Louche-Pelissier, C., Peyrat, J., Maitrepierre, C., Nazare, J.A., Brand-Miller, J. and Laville, M., 2013. Cereal processing influences postprandial glucose metabolism as well as the GI effect.Journal of the American College of Nutrition,32(2), pp.79-91.

Prinsip Dan Amalan Pemasaran free essay sample

Choose a new business for your organization which produce or sell a product or service in the market. You are required to prepare a report and present the content from time to time within the current semester. REQUIREMENTS 1. This is project consisting not more than five (5) members. 2. In order to avoid duplication of product/service chosen, students are required to consult your lecturer and register the topic using the form provided by the lecturer before proceeding on the project. . The report should meet the following guideline: i) The report must be typewritten in Arial, 1. 5 spacing with a font 11. ii) The size of paper is A4 and white in color. iii) The page of should be more than 10 pages. iv) Students are free to choose the materials and color for front page cover but must be in presentable format with: * Course Code and Name * Semester * Title of Assignment * Name of Group Members with ID No. We will write a custom essay sample on Prinsip Dan Amalan Pemasaran or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * Name of Lecturer * Date of Submission. v) The content of the report MUST includes: * Table of contents Introduction and summary of business background * Market Analysis: Market Growth, Market Needs and Market Trends of the business industry. * SWOT Analysis * Marketing Strategies: Marketing Objectives, Segmentation, Target Market, Positioning * Marketing Programs: Product Offerings, Pricing Strategies, Distributional Strategies Placing, Promotional Strategies * Conclusion (future business advancement) * References/Bibliography (with proper format and have to be more than five (5) of references/bibliography. * Appendices (if any) * Page number need to be included. . The date of submission is by first day of 14th week of the academic calendar current semester. Failure to submit on the deadline, it may lead to your failure in this subject. 5. The project paper constitutes of 20% of the overall assessments. 6. Team members are advised to elect a project leader and give full co-operation and commitment in achieving good grades. Additional effort or creativity element also will be taken in the evaluation. 7. If students encounter any problem or need advice, please do not hesitate to consult your lecturer.

Childhood Safety essays

Childhood Safety essays The operating system , also referred to as the OS, is the most important software on the computer. It is responsible for providing an interface with the hardware, displaying an interface for users to work with, and acting as a base for other software programs to be run on. Without an operating system, a computer would be nearly useless .When a computer first starts, the BIOS (Basic Input Output System is the first thing to load. This BIOS performs several basic tasks, before looking for the Operating System to load. It can be booted from any source - such as a floppy disk or CD-ROM - but it is more commonly found to be on the computers hard drive.Once the Operating System has been located, the kernel of the operating system is usually loaded. The kernel is the core of the operating system and it handles the majority of low-level activities, such as controlling hardware through specific written software known as drivers. The kernel then loads further parts of the operating system as necessary. This includes the user interface (or shell) so that the user can interact with the computer.The shell will usually provide the user with a platform from which they can navigate file systems, run utilities and run applications software. There are four basic types of Operating System: - Batch, Real Time, Interactive, Network Batch systems were the first in existence and can still be found on some mainframes today running batches of jobs. Examples can often be hard to think of, but tasks such as processing tax demands have always been best suited to batch Real Time operating systems need to have a quick response so that data processing can be kept up-to-date and accurate - this if often used in situations such as air flight booking, or it could be embedded in something as precise as a missile. When an operating system relies on a lot of input from the ...

Free sample - The Wal-Mart Organization. translation missing

The Wal-Mart Organization. The Wal-Mart OrganizationTraining evaluation and its effectiveness There are many types of training evaluation used but the Wal-Mart Organization adopted the input evaluation method because it was relevant to the organization. Input evaluation is used to assess all the elements associated with the training based on the selection of trainers, trainees, materials, venue, curriculum plan, and the cost (Tessaring Descy, 2004). The training evaluation method is effective because it met all what I expected from the training. The training was helpful because I learnt many new things, which will assist me, improve on my performance in the organization. According to the participant’s views and comments after the training, they were satisfied that the training was helpful. Most of them recommended that such training sessions should be organized regularly to equip them with new skills and knowledge (Tessaring Descy, 2004). The effectiveness of the training evaluation would be determined by the on how the participants answer the question and how they will conduct themselves at the work place. Evaluation design Evaluation design is a conceptual framework or a logical model that is used to come up with a conclusion (Tessaring Descy, 2004). The following the evaluation design I adopted. Who are the primary audience? The primary audience in this case is the employees of the Wal-Mart Organization. What is the primary purpose? The main aim or the purpose is to train them on how evaluation is done and its importance to them and to the organization in general. What is the best method of collecting information? Using questionnaires was the most appropriate method because it will be detailed and the respondents will be free to provide the required information in accordance to the questions asked and the information needed. How will the information be analyzed? The information will be analyzed based on the questions and information in the questionnaires. For example, graphs may be used if it contains a lot of figures and a summary if it contains only some comments and explanations (Tessaring Descy, 2004). How will the information be reported? It can be in form of a written report or a presentation is done to the employees if there is enough time and all employees will be available during presentation. Since I will the one reporting the findings, I would prefer to do a presentation so that all employees can participate fully and ask questions for further clarification (Tessaring Descy, 2004). It is important for an organization to have a clear evaluation design because this is the only way of providing a solution to the problems affecting the organization and the employees as well. Lack of clear understanding by the employees of what evaluation is, may lead to problems when the results are out on an individual employee on his or her performance (Tessaring Descy, 2004). The hypothetical evaluation To that, the evaluation was effective; the audience who are the employees of Wal-Mart Organization had a session of debriefing, warm up, presentation and the time to cover the presentation materials (Tessaring Descy, 2004). I found time to ask the employees and all those who attended the training on what they gained from the whole session. The employee’s perspective towards the organization changed for the good because of how the employees conducted themselves at the work place. All the sessions were fully utilized by trainees because it was evidenced even when they were on break, there were discussions, and posing many questions on various issues (Tessaring Descy, 2004). From the period allocated for each activity, many issues were discussed. Though it has not been practically proved, I believe that, employees will apply what they learnt in the training session at the organization. Reference: Tessaring, M. and Descy, P. (2004). The foundations of evaluation and impact research: third  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   report on vocational training research in Europe: background report. Luxembourg:  Ã‚   Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

Racal Inequalities n the US Justice System Research Paper

Racal Inequalities n the US Justice System - Research Paper Example The current rate of total incarceration in the United States is by a significant degree the highest of any economically-developed Western nation state – around 1% of the adult population is in detention. The prison population of around 2.3 million individuals exceeds the population of some 15 American States, and prompts an Economist lead article to state, justifiably, that ‘No other rich country is nearly as punitive as the Land of the Free’. While the rate at which America incarcerates its citizens has more than quadrupled since 1970, there is little evidence that this approach is having the intended effect on crime rates, which are higher now than in 1970. For young black men, this figure rises to an astonishing 1 in 9 (Economist, 2010). Many of these individuals were given prison sentences or relatively minor drug offences, and so the unnecessary and apparently ineffective harshness of much American legislation has its part to play, as will be detailed below. The proportion of prison inmates from different racial groups demonstrates the blatantly racist bias in the justice system. 38% of those incarcerated in the United States are African-Americans, but the latter make up only 13% of the total population, while 19% of those in prison are Latinos, but the latter account for only 15% of the total population. This has led to the dangerous situation where a black male born in 2001 has a 32% chance of incarceration at some point, a Hispanic male has a 17% chance of being imprisoned, while a while male has only a 6% chance of incarceration (The Sentencing Project, 2008, p.2). Furthermore, while the above figures represent national averages, Human Rights Watch found that in seven States, blacks are incarcerated at more than thirteen times the rate of whites. The United States has found itself in a situation where, in every State, the proportion of blacks in prison is greater than that of whites, and in Minnesota and Iowa it is 12 times greater (Human

International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

International business - Essay Example nalysis will seek to draw a level of definition to each and state the ways and means by which they are both separate yet at the same time intricately related. With relation to international business, this is an activity that takes place on what can be understood as a micro level. In this sense, key players within the private sector engage in exchange of goods and services which directly mirror the same process that occurs on a national and/or domestic level. In this way, one can understand that role that individuals, managers and other shareholders hold within this level of transaction as being the most important; with the roles of politicians only being tangential or secondary as long as no barriers to exchange exist (Buckley 2009, p. 330). With relation to the term international trade, this encompasses the activities that have previously been discussed within the preceding paragraph detailing international business activities. For this reason, the international trade definition is something of a catch all definition which all of the activities of international business and the tangential and related aspects thereof are included. Moreover, when one discusses the term international trade, there is a level of emphasis that must necessarily placed on the role that politicians play with regards to regulating the flow of trade between two or more countries (Rasche 2012, p. 681). Although this same type of regulation is exhibited within international business, the term international trade necessarily implies a more macro view of the system as opposed to one that is purely focused upon a more micro approach. The fact of the matter remains that trade and international business are in effect two sides of the same coin. Regardless of the level of differentiation that can ultimately be discerned, the true differentiation that is most recognizable is the involvement of the key players within the process. Due to the more macro view of international trade, the level

Organizational Behavior and Human Resources Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behavior and Human Resources Essay Organizational behavior is the study and application of knowledge about people or groups of people in an organization. It focuses on what people do and why they do it with aim of improving what they do. Since an organization is a collection of people working together in an organized social structure to achieve a common goal, application of theories and concepts of human behavior is imperative to attain the goals of organizations. Organizational behavior covers areas such as human behavior, leadership in an organization, teams, communications, employee relations etc. Clark, 2008). A study of the organization’s behavior helps the management to succeed in business opportunities. Human resource management is a strategic approach to the management of employees in an organization. It includes activities such as planning, selection, recruitment and maintaining employees. To sustain high performing employees, ensuring safe working environments and compliance to rules and regulations in an organization are some of the main objectives of human resource management. These objectives can only be attained through efficient analyses of the employees’ behaviors. Therefore, when human resource management and organization behavior blend together in an organization, they help to bring about strong and active workforce which help the organization meet its strategic goals. Effective policy development in human resources would help management to establish a strong workforce and explore untapped resources and strategies that would improve the organization performance. In order to employ effective policies, the management should make best decisions in a timely manner in a given situation. Human resource managers should be involved in making strategic decisions of the organization such as being informed on the long term plans of the strategic management. To amicably resolve personnel issues and find appropriate solutions to these issues, the management should have proper human resource policies. The policies should incorporate fresh ideas that reflect current situation in the organizations and the current business world in general. Human resources policies ensure that employees receive equal treatment in a wide range of employment issues and in legal matters incase they arise. To effectively develop human resource in any organization, it is necessary to have policies on employees’ benefits such as educational assistance, retirement benefits, health care and medical benefits etc. Another factor to consider when formulating the policies is the safety, health and security of the employees. Issues such as workplace violence, drugs, crisis management, and diseases like HIV/AIDS should be addressed in policy development. In addition it is important to consider employees relations which entail dispute resolutions and grievances, employees privacy, employees performance management, discipline and the conduct of employees in the organization. Selection, recruitment and placement of employees is a fundamental function in the human resource management. Discrimination in terms of race, religion, sex or in any form should be discouraged in the hiring and recruitment process. In order to improve employees’ skills and their efficiency, there should be a policy on employee training and development. In conclusion, effective policies should seek to motivate employees whereby they feel comfortable and satisfied hence improve their performance. The human resource should operate in a flexible environment. For instance, employees can operate in shifts where different people start and end their workday at different time. The organization should adopt technologies that would enable the employees to work outside the workplace. A study in organizational behavior shows that different people get motivated in different ways and can perform better under different circumstances. The management should therefore, customize their way of rewarding employees to their particular preferences (Marques, 2007).

My Brilliant Career at Fuddruckers Restaurant :: Persoanl Narrative Essays

My Brilliant Career at Fuddruckers Restaurant Being called a 'bitch' on the job was becoming more and more an everyday occurrence. After all I did work with four or five guys I liked (males that are rather 'normal' call other males they like the oddest things) and a most unladylike girl who hated me with a severe passion (females that are rather 'unrefined' call people they hate the oddest things.) But today was slightly different. It marked the beginning to the downfall of my employment as Master Burger Flipper at "Fuddruckers"! During the summer I moved away from home. Since I needed money to live I found employment at the only place that would hire unskilled summer work: Fuddruckers Restaurant. Fuddruckers looked like a fun place that I could leave behind at the end of the night and forget about at the end of the summer, as one normally does with summer jobs. But this was not to be. Fuddruckers permanently changed my outlook on several subjects, mainly keeping my mouth shut. First, a description of my co-workers. Ken was the main boss who generally ran the restaurant. Ken was one of those thirty-something guys that still thought he was a senior in high school. He also had the tendency to tell his employees ultra-ultra-sensitive information about his life. Example: in grave detail he one day gave me a rundown of his marriage's apparently rather unfortunate sex life. This was naturally not something I relished being informed of, or -- to be exact -- cared about in any way. His sexual shortcomings were his own problem. My other boss was much the opposite his name was Mr. Metz and if you’ve ever seen the movie Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls he looks exactly like the seemingly evil character Burton Quinn (the one with the raven on his shoulder). He was the owner of the restaurant and was rarely there. When he did make an appearance he neither talked nor showed an interest in many of the employees. But Mr. Metz and Ken did have two things in common. First they never said anything positive to their workers. I worked the entire summer trying my hardest to, as my mother would say, do the job right the first time.

Contract Acceptance and Offer

Q1. Understanding the concept of contract is the important thing in answering this question. † A contract may be defined as an agreement between two or more parties that is intended to be legally binding†. This answer will highlight the main points to see the differences between an offer and an invitation to treat. † An offer may be defined as a statement of willingness to contract on specified terms made with the intention that, if accepted there will arise a binding contract†. On the other side, invitation to treat invites the other people to make an offer which can be accepted or rejected by the other party.To illustrate them we have to look in certain areas. First area is the display of goods where these are seen as an invitation to treat because shops are inviting people to make them an offer which can be accepted or rejected by the shopkeeper. Cases to supports this are Fisher v Bell and Pharmaceutical Society v Boots Chemists. Another area in which the sales of goods are treated as an invitation to treat is advertisement as seen in Partridge v Crittenden. However we have an exception. Case to support this is Carlill v Carbolic where a reward was attached to the advert.This case is treated as an offer because it can be accepted without any future negotiations. Another example where the term of offer is not good valuated we can find in sales of land area. Case to support this is Harvey v Facey where the court decided that between them was not a contract just a confusion regarding to the answer to enquiries, so was not an offer and not an invitation to treat. The last two areas where the court may presume that certain acts are invitation to treat is invitation to tender and auction sales.Cases which support the fact that invitation to tender is an invitation to treat are Spencer v Harding and Harvela Investments v Royal Trust. First case is illustrating that even you use the word offering in the context it doesn’t mean that is an offer. Second case highlights that the highest tender is going to be accepted . In the auction cases supported by Payne v Cave we can see that we can withdrew the highest bid before the acceptance of the auctioneer because at that point is no contract. Q2. According to contract law an â€Å"acceptance is a final and unqualified acceptance of the terms of an offer†.The concept of acceptance can be interpreted in more ways so we’ve got some rules. One of the rules highlights the fact that the acceptance has to match the offer. The person for who was addressed the offer has to accept all the terms of the offer. They can’t introduce new terms because this will be seen as a counter offer. Case to support this is Percy v Archital. A request for information about an offer it can’t be taken in consideration as a counter offer. Case to support this is Stevenson v McLean where the defendant by answering to some enquires was not doing a counter offer.Another imp ortant rule is when we have two parties with different standard terms. Case to support this is Butler Machine v Excell-o-Corp where is illustrated the fact that when an offer is made on a document with standard terms and the acceptance is coming on a document with another terms and we still delivery the item, means that we accept the second party terms. An acceptance is taking to consideration only if is communicated. Case to support this is Felthouse v Bindley where the claimant considered the silence of his nephew as an acceptance.To accept an offer we can follow the methods of acceptance when instantaneous methods of communication are used. In this case the contract takes place when and where the acceptance is received as seen in Entores v Miles Far case. If this is received out of normal office hours then acceptance will be valid from the start of the next working day. Case to support this is Brinkibon v Stahag. The only exception of the rule that acceptance must be communicated is the postal rule. This takes place only when is requested or when is an appropriate and reasonable way of communication between the parties.In this case the acceptance takes place when the letter of acceptance was posted not when was received as seen in Adam v Lindsell case. In case that the letter was sent but it has never arrived is still a valid acceptance. Case to support this is Household Insurance v Grant. Although is an exception of the rule, postal rule will not apply when the letter of acceptance was handed to intermediaries (London and Northern Bank), when the letter is not properly addressed, when the offeror specified that the acceptance must reach to him (Holwell Securities v Hughes) and when is unreasonable to use the post.Q3. Consideration is important element in the formation of a contract. It is usually described as being â€Å"something which represents a benefit for the person who is making a promise or a detriment for the person to whom the promise is made or both† . Case to support this is Currie v Misa. Related to the consideration are certain rules which we have to follow. First rule is that consideration must not be past as seen in Re McArdle case where the court supports the representative of the owner because the occupiers didn’t provide a good consideration.However we have some exception, case of Lampleigh v Braithwaite where the court decided that it can be a past consideration because the promise of payment came after the performance, so consideration was precede by a request which result a valid consideration. Another rule of the consideration is that it must move from the promise. This is seen in Tweddle v Atkinson case where the court decide that third parties can’t provide the consideration, hence is not having any rights from the agreement.An exception to this rule is Contract(Rights of Third Parties) Act 1990 which allows the third party to sue in case that the name it can be identified in the original contract. Case called Thomas v Thomas is one of the cases who is coming to support the rule where the consideration needs to be sufficient but not necessarily economically adequate . Court decided that in this case the rent of one pound which the widow was paying it was a sufficient consideration which is enough to form a contract.The following rule, performance of an existing public duty is not consideration, is seen in Collins v Godefroy case and wants to highlight the fact that if the people have a duty imposed by law to turn up, they have to do it without any promise of remuneration from the client because this is not consideration. However, we’ve got an exception Glasbrook v Glamorgan case where the statutory duty of the police was not sufficient consideration; they had gone beyond their existing duty. â€Å"Performance of an existing contractual duty is not consideration† it can be seen from different points of view.In the first case, Stilk v Myrick the fact tha t 2 mean deserted is not a good consideration in order to change the contract. However the case called Hartley v Ponsonby is different because 19 people deserted, which is more than half of the total sailors, hence a valid consideration, so the offer of Ponsonby and the acceptance of the crew can be considered a new contract. The next case, Williams v Roffey Brothers is coming with a different point of view because the benefit of not paying the penalty is seen as a consideration.The following case which I will present is about part payment of a debt. Case to support this is Pinnel v Cole where court decided that the payment of a small amount of money from the whole is not a satisfaction for the money lender, therefore the agreement to receive some money at the due date was not a contract because was no consideration. However we’ve got the case of Hirachand v Temple as an exception because the existing duty to make a payment was owned by a third party, hence was a good conside ration.The last part is about the equitable rule of promissory estoppel which â€Å"allows a contract to be enforced even through there is no consideration† as seen in Hughes v Metropolitan Railway case where the tenant was following what he promise but the landlord was enforcing his rights. This case was revised later in London Property v High Trees. Based on the facts that there is a promise that existing legal rights will not be enforced, there is an existing contract and the injured party relied on that promise, Lord Denning stated that the â€Å"Landlord was â€Å"estopped† from going back on his promise†.

Vegetable Production

Vegetable Production – Not just planting a few seeds! The production of vegetables is very important in today’s society as we try to promote healthy living. Vegetables provide a major component to achieving a balanced and nutritious diet as they are a prime, convenient and natural source of minerals, vitamins, fibre and energy and are known not only to introduce essential nutrients to the diet but also to help to prevent diseases. Making vegetables available, through production, distribution and marketing, contributes strongly to their consumption and therefore also contributes to a healthier society.There are different approaches into how vegetables can be produced and grown and it depends entirely on the farmer, their approach to farming, and of course the resources available such as; machinery, technology, amenities and the acreage of land available for such a project. There are two general approaches to vegetable production that you must consider if you were to toy with the idea of growing some vegetables whether it be for your own consumption or maybe to supply the nation. These two general approaches are often described as; conventional farming or organic farming.Generally the conventional method involves the use of synthetic pesticides which may or may not be based on naturally occurring compounds to protect crops from diseases, pests and weeds. Crops which are genetically modified to resist or tolerate diseases, pests etc can also be used in this method of farming as a strategy for protecting crops. Crop nutrient management in conventional systems typically involves the application of synthetic fertilizers which can be tailored to meet the needs of specific combinations of vegetables and also include other factors such as soil, climate, water source availability etc.Organic vegetable farming on the other hand relies strongly on cultural & mechanical practises and biological principles for weed, pest, disease and nutrient management. Itâ₠¬â„¢s aim is to produce quality food in a manner beneficial to the environment and to wildlife. In order for a farmer to produce organic vegetables strict regulations and standards must be adhered to before the organic stamp can be used. This includes a restriction on the use of synthetic fertilizers or pesticides for crop management. Crop nutrients, pests and disease can be managed by using a variety of systems such as crop rotation, biological pest control, echanical cultivation or the application of organic amendments to the soil such as manure or compost. Natural pesticides and fertilizers may be used but these are subject to strict standards. Straw or plastic mulch can also be used to help suppress weeds, control pest access to crop, moderate soil temperature and prevent water loss from soil. Organic farmers must be more careful in their plant selection and rely much more heavily on research and information to schedule planting and harvesting practises.This is both in order to sustain the organic approach and also to produce healthier hardier plants through plant breeding as opposed to the genetic engineering methods employed in the conventional method. While both approaches to vegetable production must adhere to national and European regulations in Ireland it is obvious that the organic farmer faces a higher challenge to produce a consistent quantity and quality of vegetables. It seems that if you were to take a stroll down the organic route to production you may need to prepare yourself for some extra work!The approach of conventional or organic farming is essential to determining the other factors which must be considered for vegetable production. After deciding which type of approach you intend to follow to produce vegetables it is then necessary that you consider many other factors. The effect of the natural environment on the production of vegetables can be instrumental in determining the final yield of the farm from year to year. Vegetables can be produced in open fields, semi-enclosed or climate controlled structures or fully enclosed and climate controlled structures.Farms which grow crops in open fields such as potaotoes are limited in their control of such factors and their crops are fully exposed to weather, soil, pests and disease conditions. Fertilization, pest and disease strategies must be employed in order to manage crops and depending on the climate irrigation systems etc may also need to be put in place (not usually a problem in Ireland). Other farmers grow their crops such as tomatoes in semi-enclosed and climate controlled structures such as high tunnels.These high tunnels can extend the vegetable growing season for instance vegetables can be grown when conditions outside the tunnel may not allow this because the high tunnel can limit the exposure of the vegetables to undesirable natural conditions and can sometimes even create conditions more supportive for vegetable growth. For example; placing growing crops w ithin a high tunnel covered by a single layer of plastic shields them from the wind, rain and some pests and can support temperatures higher than that outside the tunnel.Greenhouses are an example of a fully enclosed and climate controlled environment and apart from the enclosed housing and climate control differ from open fields and semi-controlled structures as the vegetables are generally not rooted in naturally occurring soil and are often grown in pots or other containers which provide firm physical boundaries. Of course deciding how you wish to grow your vegetables may be entirely decided by the type of vegetables you wish to grow and depending on the amount and type of land available it may be possible to use only one or maybe all three methods.All of these methods can be used in order to produce certain vegetables all year round where spring and summer conditions may suit the open fields and high tunnel but greenhouses would be needed to produce vegetables in the winter. It evident so that first you must choose your approach to vegetable production, then decide which vegetable or vegetables you wish to produce and then of course decide how you wish to grow your crops whether it be in an open field or in large greenhouses etc.Careful planning and execution in key areas such as site selection, site preparation, planting, management during crop growth and development, harvesting and then distribution to whatever market your produce is destined for is paramount in having a successful and high quality producing vegetable farm. If you are blessed to have a choice of site then the type of soil, the size of the site, the total cost of the site (including tax, land, utilities), access to water, proximity to suppliers, industry etc must all be considered.The site then needs to be prepared for the type of vegetable production you wish to approach. For example in the case of open field; ploughing, dicing or other tillage is needed before planting. If using enclose d or climate structures these need to be assembled efficiently and appropriately according to the type of vegetable or vegetables being produced. Steps are then needed to prepare soil either with fertilizers or green manure and also to minimise weeds, pests and diseases either with pesticides or with the use of cultivation or mulches etc. Planting then needs to take place and depending n the size of the farm this can take place by hand or with machinery generally with each plant spaced a certain distant apart within rows and across rows depending on the type of crop. During the development of the crop a system needs to be put into place to manage the irrigation, fertilisation, weed, pest & disease control and growth of the crop to ensure the crop develops successfully with as little loss or waste as possible. A schedule for harvesting has to be organised and should be followed as closely as possible weather permitting, which unfortunately is not always an allowance in Ireland.Crops can be harvested by machine or by hand and keeping them free of abiotic and biotic contaminants during harvesting is important to ensure quality losses are minimised. Once harvested, it is then necessary to place crops into containers and have them distributed to whichever market they are destined. During all of this hard work it is also necessary to keep records of crop, facility and equipment repair and also to continue your own education as research and new ideas in this industry are always being developed. Evidently if you decide to become a vegetable farmer you don’t just throw a few seeds around in the back field and off you go.Education, preparation and alot of hard work are necessary in order to become successful in this type of farming. You must also consider the marketability of the vegetables you wish to grow and whether they are suited and will develop and grow well in the natural environment supplied to you. Also strict standards are in place for the appearance, shape, dimensions, weight, chemical properties etc of vegetables which can create extra burden and problems for farmers so preparing well and following schedules and procedures will lead to you being a happier more financially secure vegetable producer.Growing vegetables could be a rewarding challenging adventure if you prepare and educate yourself well considering all your options and what is available to you. Then with a bit of elbow grease and hard work you may find that you are producing vegetables which not only benefits society but also may benefit you and increase your bank balance!

Combination Of Noir Style And Existentialist Motif Essays

Combination Of Noir Style And Existentialist Motif Essays Combination Of Noir Style And Existentialist Motif: The Matrix The Matrix (1999) is an extension of the existentialist motifs of the mid 20th Century set in the 23rd, for its obvious influences from the American Noir Style. This is apparent when looking at the five points of this existentialism. First, Thomas A. Anderson (Keanu Reeves), a.k.a. Neo, is portrayed from the beginning of the film as a normal Joe who holds the potential of a world savior, yet without the narcissism. He does not have X-ray vision or the ability to leap tall buildings in a single bound, but rather, he is a lowly computer programmer for a respectable computer company. He does not appear important to anyone else in the film at first, and it is because of his lifestyle. Mister Anderson is immersed in the world of computers. As a result, he is lonely and alienated from the world or reality. This feeling is also reflected in the high, swooping camera angle found in the film, which is characteristically Noir. But what is reality? The truth? Neo makes the conscious choice to see how deep the rabbit hole goes. One finds out later in the film that at the point of making such a choice, he was nothing or nothing more than an oversized Energizer; but upon choosing the truth he is also trying to free his mind from the prison he cannot taste or touch or see. Neo is doomed to fail, as no one has come before him to succeed in the freeing of his own mind. As a result, he is under a sentence of death; the system is set up against him; the Matrix has him he struggles with the choice between life and death, as he must let his instructor, Morpheus (Lawrence Fishburne), die or sacrifice himself to save him. There is only one element holding his life in tact: Fate At first, Mister Anderson does not like the idea of fate, as he cannot stand the idea of not being able to control his own destiny. Throughout the entire film, as Mister Anderson further transpires to his alter ego Neo, he struggles to accept the reality of his destiny. But something happens that makes Mister Anderson realize the authenticity of his destiny; he learns that he is, in fact, the One who is to save the world from Artificial Intelligence. No one can change their destiny if they do not realize that their pseudo-reality is a part of them. There are also other characteristics of a Noir film in the Matrix. The chiaroscuro lighting is very apparent in many scenes. Also, it invokes a great sense of alienation with its Noir-like high angle shots. The entire film is very dark and rainy. There are also many reflections, which are found in many Noir films, such as Orson Welles Citizen Kane (1941). Kane was an obvious motivation and influence on this film, as was Alfred Hitchcocks Rope (1948), as mentioned by producer Joel Silver, editor Zach Staenberg and Effects Supervisor John Gaeta. These people had the Noir template in consideration when writing and editing this film. It is evident that Agent Smith (Hugo Weaving), the head Sentient Program hunting Neo, is the hard-boiled detective, and Neo is the Fugitive from a Chain Gang that is always on the run. Moreover, there is the classic tilt shot seen in the film that clues the viewer to the films Noir-like style. This modern-day, science fiction, Kung Fu fighting Neo-Noir (no pun intended) thriller is clearly rooted in film classics from the past. Wake up, Neo The Matrix has you Thomas A. Anderson is a respectable software programmer for a respectable computer company. He pays his taxes, has a social security number, and even helps his landlady take out her garbage. Hes just a normal guy in a normal job, doing the normal thing, much like Sam Spade in the Maltese Falcon. But one thing the viewer does not count on is Mister Andersons alter ego, Neo, to be one of the worlds most renowned computer hackers, guilty of virtually ever computer crime there is a law for. It is not until this e-lifestyle starts to spill over into his real life

How To Make Giant Unpoppable Bubbles

How To Make Giant Unpoppable Bubbles Ordinary soap bubbles are beautiful  but fragile. You can make stronger bubbles by using a homemade bubble recipe. These bubbles are thicker and sturdier than regular soap bubbles, so you can pick them up and examine them. Heres how to make giant bubbles that are harder to pop: Unpoppable Giant Bubble Recipe 1 cup regular dishwashing liquid1/2 cup light corn syrup Mix together the ingredients to make the solution. You can double the recipe for more solution. Another option is to mix corn syrup into your regular bubble solution. This thickens the liquid so it sticks better to a bubble wand and forms thicker bubbles that are easier to blow into large shapes. Its easier to pick up smaller bubbles than larger ones, so choose regular-sized bubbles to pick up and handle. Another trick is to wet your finger or the back of a plastic spoon in the solution so you  wont be as likely to burst the bubble when you catch it. How It Works Ordinary soap bubbles trap a thin layer of water between soap molecules. Often glycerin is added to bubble solution to slow down the rate of evaporation of the water so bubbles last longer. Corn syrup also helps prevent bubbles from popping when they dry out. When you combine detergent and corn syrup you get a strong bubble that is a cross between a regular soap bubble and a sugar polymer bubble.

Equal pay act of 1963 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Equal pay act of 1963 - Research Paper Example The Equal Pay Act of 1963 prohibits â€Å"discrimination on account of sex in the payment of wages by employers engaged in commerce or in the production of goods for commerce†. In other words, the Equal Pay Act of 1963 was designed to prohibit employers from discriminating against employees on account of gender. In many instances, the development and implementation of such Act was an urgent response to the existing labor conditions in America and the growing dissatisfaction of women with their inferior job position. Since the end of the WWII, wage differentials between men and women plagued the development of labor relations in America and called for major improvements. However, the Equal Pay Act of 1963 was not the first attempt to curb wage disparities based on gender in American economy: during the WWII, the equal pay for women policy was declared and several federal governments proposed that legislation be implemented to reduce and, finally, eliminate wage discrimination b ased on gender (Fogel, 1984). Actually, Congress took the difficult decision to pass the Equal Pay Act, fearing that the existing wage discrimination would negatively influence the balance of labor supply and demand and would, simultaneously, burden courts with unnecessary paperwork as they are fighting to prove women’s rights for equal pay (Fogel, 1984). In many instances, the Equal Pay Act of 1963 became the turning point in the development of equal labor opportunities in America. Whether the Equal Pay Act of 1963 has far-reaching implications for HR and produces significant impacts on HR practices is difficult to define. On the one hand, the act sets the stage for developing equal wage opportunities for women and men in similar professions and those, who fulfill similar obligations and tasks. Alternatively, it is clear that the Equal Pay Act of 1963 did not produce the desired effects on the state of labor relations in the U.S.: the change in wage discrimination is meager compared to

Distributed system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Distributed system - Essay Example A distributed system is structured by numerous self-directed computers that communicate throughout a computer network. In addition, the communication systems cooperate with each other to attain a common objective/goal. Moreover, a computer program that executes in a distributed system is acknowledged as a distributed program, and distributed programming is the procedure of writing similar programs (Godfrey., 2006; Bal et al., 1989). Centralized systems are utilized today for various reason. This type of computing helps corporations store all the data in a single location, which helps them make sure everyone is working with the same information. For example, bank ATMs run over a centralized network. In this scenario, ATMs are the clients, and the large computers at the banks are the main server (Forouzan & Fegan, 2003; Nash, 2000, p.10). Hales (2007) stated that centralization can be taken as the allocation of the entire IT resources to one particular business unit that offers IT services to whole corporation. Additionally, the major characteristics of a centralized technique comprise efficiency, control and cost saving. In addition, the centralized techniques are effectual in attaining the control over a business or corporation’s information system. Moreover, a centralized system can centralized or it can be a cost saving reordering of an organization’s information systems to one particular positi on (Hales, 2007). According to Wall (2001), the key advantage of centralized systems is that they offer centralized power through established technology and vendors. They therefore engage less technical risks. Additionally, the corporate information systems professionals offer extremely dependable role to maintain similar business systems. In addition, there should be no confusion over jobs as well as the software and hardware employed at the corporation. However,

SAM 482 UNIT 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SAM 482 UNIT 8 - Essay Example In the identification phase for risks in crowd management plan, the following factors are considered; crowd behavior and control, noise levels, risks of fire, weather and use of drugs and alcohol that would lead to unruly behavior. The plan also incorporates suppliers and contractors. Risks related to their participation in an event must be identified. These could include incompetence of staff, resignation or absenteeism, theft and loss of assets among others. In the risk management action plan, the risks are identified in order and an action drafted with a timeframe. Responsibilities are allocated to experienced staff and recommendations drafted on how the risk will be monitored. This justifies that an effective crowd management plan must be in harmony with the risk management plan. Incorporate an emergency plan. A written action plan is important for this issue. The staff should be in a position to respond to emergencies promptly. Instructions detailing emergency phone numbers, exit routes, fire extinguisher strategic positions should be accessible to all users of the facility. Any risk and or an accident must be recorded by the event holders. This will assist in planning future events. Transfer of risk is an appropriate strategy for the organization. Before an event, the event organizer should hold Public Liability Insurance with a detailed Risk Management Plan. The plan should incorporate all risks anticipated during the sporting event. Crowd management plan is an integral element of the larger risk management plan for sporting facilities. An effective crowd management plan will mitigate risks to an equal level of the risk management plan. The two plans must be harmonized since their objectives are

Existentialism In A Country Doctor English Literature Essay

Existentialism In A Country Doctor English Literature Essay In A Country Doctor, several principles of existentialism are demonstrated via changes that takes place in doctor, the main character. Being an anti-existential character, the doctor has no control upon the situations that he is in. Even when he is given the opportunity to choose, he selects to fulfill the expectation his community has upon him then doing what he truly feels needs to be accomplished. However, a gradual transition takes place as he is faced with a number of absurd situations. Anxiety dominates him as things become unmanageable. Subsequently, notion of selfish human nature disgusts him which causes him to feel alienated from the entire community that he belongs to. Thus, plot and character development plays a major role in illustrating the existentialist point of view upon life as revealed in the story. Absurdity of events that occur to the main character causes him to feel helpless and insignificant. As mentioned previously, the doctor is an anti-existential character in the beginning of the story. Even when in position where he can decide upon what to do, he habitually does what the society expects of him. For instance, he abandons Rose in the hands of the groom whose sexual intent for her is obvious in order to save a patient. This demonstrates his tendency to primarily accomplish his responsibilities as a doctor no matter in what horrid problems he may find himself at the time. However, he grows tired of adhering to such obligation as series of strange events occur. A groom who is found in supposedly empty sty provides him with two horses in extremely good condition. And because the groom enables him to accomplish his duty as a doctor, the doctor loses his ability to prevent the groom from approaching Rose by making him accompany him on his journey. Despite his concern for Rose, the doctor has no choice but to leave her with the groom. This frustrates the main character to the extent where he cannot properly examine the patient. Further absurdities ensue as choir sings a song of his insignificance as a human being and people lay him in bed with the patient whose illness he cannot cure. And how is it that he happens to have a patient in such horrid weather right after his horse died? Endless continuation of the absurd events over which he has no control causes him to be upset. In the end, he finally makes a choice by running away- a shift toward existentialism. As shown, strange events that consist the plot reveals absurdity and the importance of having control of ones life. One of the characteristics of the main character that hints of existentialism is anxiety. The first indications of such disposition are the short sentences that consist the beginning of the story. This denotes his frustration at the difficult situation that he is in. Also, he feels powerless and dejected as revealed in the sentence but it was hopeless, I knew it, and stood there forlornly. Of course, who would lend a horse to such a journey? Even when he arrives at the patients house, his negative feelings do not disappear. He behaves passively as if he does not want to be there. For example, he permits the patient to take my fur coat from me, and he yields and drinks from the rum he has been given. Furthermore, he constantly worries about Rose and notices little details such as horses putting their heads in and out through the window. Due to such distractions clouding his mind, he is unable to check his patient properly. He first decides that the patient is fine as shown in the stat ement what I already knew, the boy was quite sound. As a matter of fact, the invalid is well beyond aids. And this is when he commences to question himself. Why is he doing this? What is the point of him trying so hard to have control over matters that keep on slipping through his fingers? Who is he doing this for? He realizes that he does not want to dwell in such situation and ends up running away. As indicated, the uncertainty, helplessness, and anxiety that is brought upon the main character by the absurd situation he faces illustrate existentialism. Development of sense of alienation in the main character further reveals existentialism. When the main character is in desperate need for the horses, no one helps him but the groom. However, this assistance is not offered to the doctor out of goodness of the grooms heart; the grooms true purpose lies in sexual approach to Rose. The main character is disgusted by the selfishness of human nature. Unfortunately, matters do not improve when he faces the patient and the community. The doctor thinks that despite the sacrifice he makes by choosing between Rose and the patient, people are feeling no gratitude for him. Due to such reason he comments that the whole district made my life a torment. He feels even more isolated when his thought reaches to the notion that he means nothing to the people but tools for saving their lives. This is when the doctor realizes that he does not have to be what other people expect him to be. As a result, he ceases adhering to his responsibilities and escapes . In this way, alienation manifests existentialism by assisting the main character in discovering perverse human nature and meaninglessness of life. In conclusion, absurdity, anxiety, and alienation accentuate upon the existentialist view of meaningless, desolate life in A Country Doctor. This is well demonstrated through the process of transformation of the main character from an anti-existential character to an existential character. Series of strange uncontrollable events that constitute the plot of the story triggers the main character to feel insignificant. Subsequently, two emotions that are strongly developed in the main character throughout the story denote the pointlessness of life. Anxiety caused by the continued absurd events induce the main character to pose questions upon whether it is worthwhile living as a being that other people desire him to be. Moreover, alienation that he feels from people who do not value him as a human being acts as a key factor that changes him into an existential character. Thus, A Country Doctor has a plot and development of the main character that emphasizes upon existentialism.

How To Write a Nursing Research Paper :: Nursing Profession, Nursing Career

Title The elements needed to be included in a good title should contain the critical words or a phrase that describes the article; identify the major variables and the population. The title of this article has identified the independent and dependent variables which is the adaption and effects of the training program to help patients with end stage renal disease (Coughlan, Cronin, and Ryan, 2007; Nieswiadomy, 2008 p.380). Abstract The authors of this article have outlined the purpose, aims, and objectives of the study. It also provides the methods used which is quantitative approach to collect the data, the results, conclusion of the study. It is important that the author should present the essential components of the study in the abstract because the abstract may be the only section that is read by readers to decide if the study is useful or not or to continue reading (Coughlan, Cronin, and Ryan, 2007; Ingham-Broomfield, 2008 p.104; Stockhausen and Conrick, 2002; Nieswiadomy, 2008 p.380). Introduction This article hasn’t provided an introduction; however a lengthy summary of the study which identifies the problem, purpose and rationale for the research study has been provided in the background. The introduction should give the reader a general sense of what the document is about, and preferably persuade the reader to continue reading. This prepares the reader for reading the rest of the document (Burns & Grove, 2001 p.636; Nieswiadomy, 2008 p.380; Stockhausen and Conrick, 2002). Literature review As Burns and Grove (2001) & Polit and Hungler (1997) as cited in Ingham-Broomfield (2008 p.104) mentioned that the primary purpose of the literature review is to discuss what is known, gain broad background and understanding of the available information related to the study. As Coughlan, Cronin, and Ryan (2007) stated that literature review should also help to identify any gaps in the literature relating to the problem and suggest how those gaps might be filled. The authors of this article has not provided any review of literature and this could misinform the reader what the main focus of the study; however, several appropriate references were used in the background. The terms used in the key concepts are adequately defined and consistent with the topic. The background of the study introduces the previous knowledge or what is already known which is to investigate the effectiveness of an ATP designed to help ESRD patients to cope with stressors while receiving haemodialysis treatment .

Renzo Piano †Favourite Artist Essay

Renzo Piano is a famous architect renowned for his unique approach to design and his philosophy. He was born into a family of builders and he continued on the tradition of â€Å"making things† as he puts it, by designing some award winning & famous buildings, including the Georges Pompidou Centre in Paris, France, the San Nicola Stadium in Bari, Italy, the Kansai International Airport, Osaka, Japan and the Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre in Noumea, New Caledonia. Renzo’s work is highly regarded as art. Each building is innovative, well detailed and each designed with a unique approach. Renzo views light as a â€Å"building material† and this is obvious throughout all of his projects. Born in 1937 in Genoa, Italy, Renzo studied at the University of Florence and the Milan Polytechnic. Following his graduation from architecture school in 1964, he worked in his father’s construction company where he got the chance to design, under the guidance of Franco Albini. Renzo formed his own practice in 1965 before joining Richard Rogers in 1971. It was his last collaboration with Richard Rogers on the controversial Georges Pompidou Centre, in 1977 that initially brought him fame. In 1978 Renzo began a long period of collaboration with Irish engineer Peter Rice, which would produce many fine buildings. Renzo then created the Renzo Piano Building Workshop in 1981, with studios in Genoa and Paris. He received the RIBA Gold Medal in 1989 and the prestigious Pritzker Prize in 1998. Inspirations Renzo lists the Renaissance architect, Filippo Brunelleschi among his many inspirations. Brunelleschi, who is famous for inventions including heavy lifting mechanisms based on the inner workings of a clock and linear perspective, was a true innovator and experimenter. In addition to his 15th century idol, Renzo pays homage to Jean Prouvà ©Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ of France with whom he formed a friendship while working in collaboration with Louis Kahn in Philadelphia and Z. S. Makowsky in London. Louis Kahn was regarded as a philosopher among architects, he didn’t have many projects (only 25 or so) but he has inspired hundreds. His work infused the â€Å"International Style†. Two other important influences he acknowledges were Buckminster Fuller and Pier Luigi Nervi. Family Renzo was born into a family of builders. His grandfather, his father, four uncles and a brother were all contractors, and he admits, he should have been one too. He was seventeen when he approached his father with the idea of going to architecture school. â€Å"Why do you want to be just an architect? You can be a builder,† was his father’s response which has never been forgotten. Renzo states that as the main reason for naming his architecture studio the Renzo Piano Building Workshop, rather than Piano Architects & Associates. While still studying in Milan, Renzo married a girl he had known from school days in Genoa, Magda Arduino. They have three children, two of which have carried on the Piano family tradition, with their son Matteo becoming an industrial designer and their daughter Lia an architect. Renzo & Magda separated during construction of the Georges Pompidou Centre as Magda preferred to be in Genoa, but Renzo was required in Paris. Renzo met Emilia Rossato when she came to work for him. They were married in 1992 by Jacques Chirac, then the Mayor of Paris who supported the construction of the Georges Pompidou Centre through the many crises. Renzo’s first important commission was in 1969 to design the Italian Industry Pavilion at Expo ‘70 in Osaka. His late brother, Ermanno, built and installed the pavilion and a number of other projects before his premature death in 1993. Georges Pompidou Centre, completed 1977. Renzo Piano’s association with Richard Rogers led to many interesting buildings, but it is the Georges Pompidou Centre, in Paris which brought them fame. One of his original ideas for the Centre had been to build a giant inverted pyramid but his clear belief in functionality and logic led him and Rogers to opt for the clarity of the giant rectangle of a city block. Initially, all of the functional structural elements of the building were colour-coded: green pipes for plumbing, blue ducts are for climate control, electrical wires are encased in yellow, and circulation elements are red. Although in recent renovations, this colour coding has been partially removed, and many of the elements are simply painted white. During the planning and construction stages of the project the Pompidou was very controversial, with various court cases and public protests holding up completion, but it has since become exactly what Piano and Rogers wanted it to be, â€Å"a joyful urban machine.† Despite often being described as â€Å"High Tech† Renzo gets very annoyed if the Pompidou Centre is described as such. Instead he prefers it described as â€Å"a double provocation: a challenge to academicism, but also a parody of the technological imagery of our time†. The building itself created over a hundred thousand square meters in the heart of Paris, devoted to the figurative arts, music, industrial design, and literature. In the three decades since it opened, over a 200 million people have visited it, averaging more than 25,000 people per day which shows its overwhelming success. San Nicola Stadium completed 1989. Renzo Piano and Peter Rice collaborated on the design of the San Nicola Stadium in Bari, Italy which was built for the World Cup, Italia ‘90. The stadium was built of one basic material, concrete. The shape of the stands and the beams clearly reveals the modularity of the structure. The entire ellipse of the stadium is made up of 26 â€Å"petals†, each assembled out of 310 crescent shaped elements, which were prefabricated on site. Each petal is supported by just four pillars. Although these supports are fairly massive, the well thought out design makes the petals appear to rise above the banked ground as if they are floating. The gaps between the petals let the light and colour of the landscape into the stadium. Usually, concave structures tend to induce claustrophobia however the transparency achieved with the vertical cuts reduces this effect, and contributes to a more relaxed enjoyment of the sport. Renzo Piano Building Workshop, Genoa The Renzo Piano Building Workshop was built in 1989 on the coast west of Genoa. Perched on the rocks and surrounded by the sea and mountains, Renzo describes this creation as â€Å"half rock, half ship†. In fact, the place is called Punta Nave, meaning Ship Rock. Renzo believes â€Å"Creating something is difficult enough, but putting yourself in the right state to create something is even more difficult† and says of this studio, â€Å"here I find calm, silence and concentration†. Overlooking the Mediterranean and surrounded by beautiful scenery, the setting provides an â€Å"inspiring ambience†. Renzo and his brother Ermanno’s firm collaborated with UNESCO to build a plant research station and workshop on the same site. UNESCO scientists are now growing and studying bamboo, agave and cane in the building and the surrounding lands. Kansai International Airport, completed 1990. Before entering the competition for the Kansai Airport, Renzo, wished to visit the site, as is normal procedure. In this case it involved a boat trip which led to a moment of embarrassment, as at a certain point on the open sea, one of Renzo’s party asked where the airport was to be, only to be told, â€Å"Here.† Since Osaka had no room for an airport, the local authorities decided to build an artificial island for it in the bay. Not a small island either, on completion it would be 15 square kilometres. Renzo describes the structure as â€Å"a missing link between ground and airplane† as it â€Å"spreads over the island like a glider†. At 1.7 kilometres long, it’s one of the world’s largest buildings and as the terminal caters one hundred thousand passengers per day, it’s also one of the busiest. A testament to Renzo’s quest for technological and site sensitive design considerations is that during the Kobe earthquake of 1995, there was not a single pane of broken glass at Kansai, despite being exactly the same distance from the epicentre as Kobe, which suffered severe damage. Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre in Noumea The Renzo Piano Building Workshop won an international competition in 1991 to design the Tjibaou Cultural Centre in Noumea, a Pacific island territory in New Caledonia. The French government built this centre which is named after the late Jean Marie Tjibaou, to record and exhibit the culture of the Kanak people. Renzo’s concept is a genuine village composed on ten structures of different sizes and functions, the largest being as tall as a nine story building. The ten structures of the centre are organized into three villages: one is devoted to exhibitions; another is for administrative staff & historians; the third is for creative activities such as dance, painting, sculpture and music. The buildings are, as Piano puts it, â€Å"an expression of the harmonious relationship with the environment, that is typical of the local culture. They are curved structures resembling huts, built out of wooden joists and ribs; they are containers of an archaic appearance, whose interiors are equipped with all the possibilities offered by modern technology†. As Colin Amery (Special Advisor to the World Monuments Fund) put it, â€Å"there was a real danger that a western architect could have presented a scheme that was a kitsch rendering of traditional styles, but Renzo and his colleagues were more than aware of this possible pitfall and it is a tribute to their approach that their design appears indigenous while being contemporary†. Renzo won the competition because he did not arrive in the islands imposing his designs and ideas on the community. He listened to the client’s requirements, traditions and ideas in order to create a personalised design that is sensitive to the delicate and beautiful setting. Renzo states â€Å"There is always the temptation to impose one’s own design, one’s own way of thinking or, even worse, one’s own style. I believe, instead, that a light approach is needed. Light, but without abandoning the stubbornness that enables you to put forward your own ideas whilst being permeable to the ideas of others†. Conclusion Renzo Piano’s architecture has been described as a â€Å"rare melding of art, architecture, and engineering in a truly remarkable synthesis† and he has been compared to Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo for his innovation. While his designs incorporate the most current technology, his roots are clearly in the classic Italian philosophy and tradition. He is also intensely concerned with issues of habitability and sustainable architecture in a constantly changing world. Renzo’s designs are the result of analysis and research and are the best, practical answers to specific problems. As Colin Amery said, â€Å"there is a sense in all his works of a problem solved† and â€Å"He may try an experiment to solve the problem but he will not build anything that is not an intelligent solution†. What is Architecture? This is a topic on which Renzo encourages open discussion. In his words he describes architecture as â€Å"a service, in the most literal sense of the term. It is an art that produces things that serve a purpose. But it is also a socially dangerous art, because it is an imposed art. You can put down a bad book; you can avoid listening to bad music; but you cannot miss the ugly tower block opposite your house. And architecture is an ancient profession; perhaps the world’s oldest, a little like hunting, fishing, farming, exploring the seas. These are man’s original activities from which all others stem. Immediately after the search for food, we find the search for shelter; at a certain point, man was no longer content with the refuges offered by nature and became an architect†. In my opinion, Renzo Piano has more to offer than beautiful, purposeful buildings. I believe that his philosophies can be applied to all design disciplines. My interpretations of Renzo’s beliefs are: Embrace technology, but respect the theories, practices and traditions of the past. Good design is a union of technology and art. Listen to the client’s requirements rather than imposing your own ideas. You’re designs should be practical, innovative and effective. Pay attention to detail, for it’s the finest details that have the longest lasting effect. Don’t stick to one style; treat every project as a new adventure. If you don’t, you risk becoming bored and will gradually loose inspiration. Experiment with materials and processes in order to gain an understanding of what is possible, rather than abiding by the limits imposed by what you already know, or think you know.